It also included extensive public bunker building programs, first in Germany and then across Europe.
Governments in the United Kingdom, Germany, and elsewhere responded with so-called civil defense: the organization of society to ensure the resilience of civilian life in war.Ĭivil defense involved planning for evacuations from major cities, training civilians to douse firebombs, and developing mass propaganda instructing the public in emergency preparedness. While World War I saw only limited bombing, new technologies like incendiary bombs-used by Allied forces to shocking effect in Dresden, Germany, and across Japan-were deployed in World War II to terrorize citizens and break their resolve. In Europe, bunker-building is practically as old as the airplane.
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